What is Urine Culture ?

A culture is a urine test on a urine sample. Urine is a coating of culture in the laboratory and allowed to grow. It is then examined to see if infection causing organisms. If there is, the bodies are identified through a microscope.
Who is a candidate for the Urine Culture test ?

A urine culture is doomed to see if a urinary tract infection is present.

How is tested ?

There are two methods for collecting urine: the improvement of the method of capture and method of catheterization.

Own method of capture –

In this method, the person is especially disposable wipes and a sterile container to hold the urine.
# First, the person using the wipes to clean around the urethra, the tube through which urine from the body.
# Then, the urine a small amount into the toilet and stops before the bladder is empty.
# The person who collects a urine sample in the container provided.
# Finally, the individual ends up urinating in toilets.

Catheterization method

This method can be used when the person has difficulty urinating or unable to cooperate.
# First, the area around the urethra is washed to prevent contamination.
# Then the health care provider through a sterile, lubricated catheter through the urethra and bladder.
# The flow of urine through the tube in sterile. The supplier removes the probe when the sample was collected.

In the laboratory, the urine sample is grown in culture media. If a pathogenic micro-organisms grow on the culture plate, they are identified. A sensitivity test in may also be made to identify antibiotics that kill organisms. This allows the supplier to choose a treatment.

What is it in preparation for the test ?

May a person be asked to drink several glasses of liquid to produce urine for culture.

What the test results mean ?

Urine is normally sterile, so no micro-organisms grow on the media. If the growth of micro-how, the test is generally positive. However, normal skin bacteria may contaminate the sample of urine. The body will be identified and treated as necessary.

What is Urinalysis ?

A urinalysis is a analyze the urine. A doctor made a series of physical, microscopic and chemical tests on a urine sample. The tests can screen for kidney disease and urinary tract infections. It may also help diagnose diseases that produce degradation products called abnormal metabolites which rose from the body in urine.

How is tested ?

First, the person is washing around the urethra, the tube through which urine from the body. This prevents the contamination of the sample. Then, the person needs to collect a urine sample en route, which is not at the beginning and not the end. There is talk of a new-catch urine sample.

The person must follow these steps to obtain the sample. First, the person begins to urinate in the toilet. Then, he or she catches a urine sample in a container. Then, the end may to urinate in the toilet. The person then turned the container and it gives the doctor.

The sample is sent to a laboratory for testing. May the doctor to ask any variety of physical, chemical and microscopic. It is preferable to most tests within 15 minutes from the time the urine was collected.

What is it in preparation for the test ?

May people ask their doctors how to prepare for the test.

What the test results mean ?

Normal for the results of urine tests are:
# Color: varies from colorless to dark yellow. Some foods may stain it.
# Density: varies from 1006 to 1030. The highest number, the more concentrated urine.
# PH, or acidity or alkalinity on: ranges from 4.6 to 8.0. The average is 6.0, which is slightly acidic.
# Sugar, ketones, and protein: None currently.
# Sang : no red blood cells or hemoglobin are present.
# Bilirubin : None.
# White blood cells: none.

The abnormal test results of urine are:
# Color: Other than normal.
# Density: more or less than values. This may indicate kidney disease. The exceptions are those related to food or liquid intake.
# PH : too acidic or alkaline urine. This justifies medical care.
# Sugar and ketones, usually tested together: high levels of glucose and ketones May indicate diabetes.
# Protein: may all this indicate kidney disease.
# Blood: may this indicate any bleeding from the kidney, a urinary tract infection, or trauma from rigorous exercise.
# Bilirubin : all indications are currently the liver or biliary disease.
# Nitrites and white blood cells: their presence indicates a urinary tract infection.

What is Intravenous Pyelogram ?

A pylogram intravenously is a test using X-rays to examine the structure and function of the urinary system. X-rays composed of electromagnetic waves of energy. X-rays penetrate the body to varying degrees depending on the density structure. The result is in black and white images of the interior parts of the body.

Who is a candidate for the Intravenous Pyelogram test ?

Reasons to have an intravenous pyelogram include:
# Infection
# Blood in the urine
# Pain in the middle or lower back
# Pain in the abdomen
# Kidney injury
# Suspected Cancer
# Mass in the abdomen
# Hypertension
# Diabetes
# Post-monitoring

How is tested ?

Before the test, the individual needs to undress completely and put on a robe. He or she must be based on the x-ray table face. The technologist will take a “scout” x-ray, which is an x-ray taken to identify exactly where the kidneys and bladder are located. A large dose of iodinated contrast material, or dye is injected into a vein in your arm. The order in which the x-rays are taken will depend on the problem under study. Six or seven photos are generally taken. These may be combined with another imaging technique that the views of kidney sliced like bread, which is called a kidney tomogram. Towards the end of the session, the person empties his bladder. A final image is taken is taken after urination.

When tested on children or pregnant women, it is shorter and includes fewer photos. The technologist will look at the pictures. If they agree, the person is free to leave.

What is it in preparation for the test ?

The night before the test, the person will be invited to take 8 ounces of citrate of magnesia. He or she should not eat within 4 hours or drink within 2 hours of the exam. Upon his arrival at the hospital, the person will need to remove all jewelry and metal objects. Individuals are required to sign a consent form that asks about pregnancy and allergies, especially iodine. Just before the test, the person empty his bladder. Preparation may vary slightly from one place to another, whether an individual should check with the doctor or hospital for specific instructions.

What the test results mean ?

The x-ray images may appear:
# Kidney stones
# Abnormal calcifications, or hardening of tissues due to calcium deposits
# Blocking
# Cancerous tumors or non-cancerous
# Injuries
# Anomalies bladder
# Kidney abnormalities that cause of hypertension
# Structural abnormalities were present at birth
# Enlarged Prostate
# Monitoring postoperative results

What is Kidney Function Tests ?

Tests of renal function check how the kidneys filter and transport of waste blood in the urine.

Who is a candidate for the Kidney Function test ?

Tests of renal function are usually ordered when a health care provider suspects a disease that affect the kidneys. These tests are also used to monitor someone who has kidney disease.

How is tested ?

There are four major tests. Each test is described in more detail in separate articles in the encyclopedia. They are:
# Creatinine
# Creatinine-urine
# Creatinine Clearance
# BUN

BUN and creatinine blood tests are as degradation products of metabolism in the body. It is the role of the kidneys to get these waste products in urine. When the kidney is not functioning properly, these products are not placed in the urine and high levels in the blood become.

Urinary creatinine measure the amount of creatinine which is excreted in urine.

Creatinine clearance is a fairly accurate way to estimate the exact amount of kidney function compared to normal. One of these tests be ordered in may to help measure kidney function. One of which is often used depends on the disease is suspected.

What is it in preparation for the test ?

Specific instructions are provided by the health care provider.

What the test results mean ?

Please refer to section results in each separate article for each of the above tests.

What is BUN ?

This test determines the level of urea nitrogen in the blood.

Urea nitrogen is produced when proteins are metabolized or broken down. The high nitrogen blood urea (BUN) may be a sign of kidney disease, liver disease or dehydration.

Who is a candidate for the BUN test ?

This test is usually done to assess kidney function and aid in the diagnosis of kidney disease. May it also be performed to assess dehydration.

How is tested ?

To measure blood urea, or blood urea nitrogen levels in the blood, a blood sample is taken from a vein on the forearm or hand. First, the skin over the vein is cleaned with an antiseptic. Then a rubber tube, or “turnstile”, is wound around the upper arm to enlarge the veins in the lower arm by restricting blood flow through them. A fine needle is gently inserted into a vein, and the tourniquet is removed. The flow of blood from the vein by the needle, and is collected in a syringe or vial for testing in the laboratory. After the needle is removed, the drain is covered for a short period of time to prevent bleeding.

What is it in preparation for the test ?

A person must request specific instructions of his health care provider.

What the test results mean ?

The normal BUN values are 7 to 20 milligrams per deciliter (mg / dl) of blood.

Levels below normal in may indicate:
# Hepatic
# A diet low in protein
# Malnutrition
# Overhydration, or too much fluid in the body

Higher levels than normal in may indicate:
# Congestive heart failure or heart disease
# Famine
# Eating too much protein
# Gastro-intestinal bleeding
# Heartburn
# Dehydration, or not having enough fluids in the body
# Myocardial infarction or heart attack
# Kidney disease
# Renal
# Shock
# Obstruction of the urinary tract

What is 24-Hour Urine Test ?

A 24-hour urine test measures the amount of urine a person produces in a day. May it be done with other tests to measure the excretion of certain substances in urine over 24 hours.

Who is a candidate for the 24-Hour Urine Test test ?

A 24-hour urine test may be ordered when a person has developed unrest in the production of urine. It provides information on the function of kidneys.

How is tested ?

This test is simple and can be done at home. The health care provider in may give specific instructions on how to collect the sample. In general, the recommended schedule:

Day 1: The urine when he or she rises. A sample is not collected at that time. For the rest of the day, however, the person uses a special container to collect urine all products for the next 24 hours.

Day 2: As a result, the urine in the container. It then refrigerate it until its delivery to the doctor.

What is it in preparation for the test ?

The person will be given a special container and instructions for storing urine.

What the test results mean ?

When a person has a normal intake of fluid, he or she produced a urine volume ranging from 800 to 2000 ml per day (ml / day). A small volume of urine May indicate dehydration, inadequate fluid intake, or kidney disease.

A large volume of urine may indicate diabetes insipidus, a condition that interferes with normal excretion of urine. May it also indicate diabetes mellitus, high fluid intake, kidney disease, or use of diuretic drugs.

What is Toilet Training ?

Toilet training is the process to help a child learn to urinate or stool in the toilet. Be “trained pot” is an experience. The process takes time and patience from both parents or caregiver and child. Toilet training can take several weeks to several months. May it be more time to reach the drought night. In preparation for toilet training process can help the caregiver and child have successfully achieving this goal.

What information about Toilet Training ?

Preparation for toilet training

On average, a child is ready to begin toilet training when he or she is between 18 and 24 months. It is not uncommon, however, for children not be ready until they are a little older. Girls are often ready to be toilet trained at a younger age than boys. Most children reach the intestine control urine during the day and control of 3 to 4 years old. May it take months or years to reach the drought night. Most girls and about 75% or more boys will stay dry during the night after the age of 5.

The following are general guidelines suggest a child may be ready for toilet training.
# The child prefers a dry layer to a dirty one.
# The child understands the words used to describe bladder and bowel functions.
# The child understands the purpose of the toilet.
# The child can communicate when he or she needs to urinate or have a bowel movement.
# The child remains dry for at least 2 hours at a time and is dry after naps.
# The child can follow simple instructions, and get the bathroom independently, and draw his own pants down.
# The child shows interest in wearing underwear.

Preparation for toilet training

The caregiver must decide what kind of chair toilet to use. Some people prefer a seat that attaches to the regular toilet. Other people prefer to have the child use a wheelchair toddlers. A president toddlers lets his feet touch the ground and allows the child to get on and off the seat independently. May this help your child feel more secure.

A caregiver in may that the child sit on the toilet to get acquainted with headquarters. If you use a wheelchair toddlers, it is sometimes useful to put the chair in the room where the child spends the most time. The child may want to sit on the seat fully clothed first have an idea of the presidency. After the child seems comfortable with the seat, the reality pot of training can proceed.

The caregiver must encourage the child to go to pot. Often, children will give a signal indicating that they need to urinate or have a BM. May it be a facial expression or body movement. The child may be encouraged to sit on the pot together after meals and sleep periods.

The caregiver must try to explain to a child what needs to happen. For example, “The shit pee or needs to leave. We will try to use the pot.” If a child is reluctant to sit on the toilet, a fun activity to do while sitting assist May. This may include reading books or listening to music.

Avoid toilet training issues

A child should never be forced to sit on the pot. The child must sit for a few minutes while the caregiver offers reminders about what should happen. If the child wants to lift, which should be allowed. After meeting for 5 minutes, he or she should get up and try again another time.

Even if the child is unable to urinate or have a BM in the pot, he or she should be commended for trying. When the child were successful, the rewards should be used. This includes praise, hugs, stickers or candy.

It is very important not to use words or negative sanctions in case of accident or refusal. If a caregiver is frustrated or upset, toilet training May turn into a struggle for power. A child who is resistant to training pot may not be ready for the challenge. Toilet Training may be more successful if it is postponed for a few weeks.

If a caregiver is concerned about how the toilet training progresses, he or she should consult with the child’s health care provider. Stress is a common cause for a child’s reluctance to be trained pot. Events in the life of a child as a new home or a new-born may cause the child to have more accidents. It is not unusual for a child to become constipated bowel, while being trained. Constipation causes of hard stools that are difficult to pass. Children should be encouraged to eat plenty of fruits, vegetables and fiber to help keep the stool soft.

Staying dry and clean

Some caregivers find it easier to train pot during the summer months when the child is under clothes off. Take a child to the store to buy sub-may be seen as a reward for success. Once a child is placed in training pants, diapers should be used only for naps and at night. Some people like to use available pull-up pants during training pot.

It is also good to teach good hygiene during toilet training. Children should be encouraged to wash their hands after using the toilet. In addition, children must be taught to clean themselves properly after a BM. Girls must be taught to wipe from front to rear to prevent urinary tract infections.

What is Aging Changes

in the Urinary System ?

Normal changes occur in the urinary system as a person ages.

What information about this ?

The work of the urinary tract is to get rid of waste and extra fluid in the body through the development and excreting urine. The kidneys make urine by filtering blood. This eliminates waste products and extra body fluid blood. Important substances can be returned in the blood after it is filtered.

The kidneys are the first part of the urinary tract. According to the ureters, the tubes that carry urine from each kidney to the bladder. The holder of the bladder urine until the person is ready to urinate. The urethra is a narrow tube that allows urine to pass the bladder of the body. Every part of this system may be affected by aging.

Each kidney is composed of millions of filtering units called Nephrons. At birth, babies have additional Nephrons. However, the number and size of Nephrons slowly decreases with age. When there trough below a certain point, the kidneys begin to lose function. This means waste and extra fluid are not removed from the body and the elderly.

The kidneys gradually shrink with age, partly because of the loss of Nephrons. The flow of blood to the kidneys is also reduced. The speed at which blood is passed through the kidney may be reduced if the blood vessels lose their elasticity, or become more severe. This also reached the filtering process. Another function of the kidneys is to balance the amount of salt and acid in the body. This is also with age, making it difficult for the body to correct the salt and acid imbalance problems. The production and effectiveness of hormones that the body it is becoming dehydrated foodstuffs decreases with age. This poses a risk for dehydration.

Bladder tissue becomes less elastic or elastic with age. This decreases the amount of urine from the bladder can hold. The muscles in the bladder also become weaker. As a result, the bladder unable to press hard enough to get rid of all the urine it contains. This means that more urine is left in the bladder urine after a person. These two changes in may because of a person having to urinate more often.

The feeling of urination is often delayed in the elderly. Normally, when the bladder is to be almost complete, a person begins to feel the need to urinate. Among the elderly, it urges may be delayed. When a person finally feels the need to urinate, the sudden need.

Changes in the reproductive system affect how the functions of the urinary system. The pelvic floor muscles in normal times, weakened with age, particularly women. The birth contributes to this weakness. In fact, sometimes these pelvic muscles grow so low that the bladder and urethra prolapse, or fall into the vagina. The end result is that older people become incontinent may, urine or losing involuntarily. The normal deadline to feel the urge to urinate adds to the problem of incontinence do quite common in the elderly.

Urine flow can be blocked by enlargement of the prostate in men. This condition is called benign prostatic hyperplasia or BPH, and is common in aging men. The prostate is located just below the bladder and surrounds part of the urethra. BPH may cause difficulty starting urine flow, a weak flow of urine, dribbling and urine. The enlargement of the prostate also causes incomplete voiding of urine from the bladder.

As a person ages, he or she is more at risk for urinary tract infections, acute renal failure and chronic renal failure. The factors that contribute to increased risk include:
# Changes in the membranes of urinary tract
# The decrease flow of urine
# Decreased ability to empty the bladder

Many other problems with the urinary system are more common with age but are not considered normal changes. Cancer, hypertension, diabetes, heart disease and other conditions can lead to all the problems of the urinary system. To exclude these circumstances, the person should consult the health care provider.

What is Lithotripsy ?

Lithotripsy is a procedure used to break up kidney stones into small pieces. That is why it is easier to get into the urine.

Kidney stones are small, hard mineral deposits that accumulate in the urinary tract. These stones are usually the size of a pea. Most kidney stones pass through the ureters, the tubes leading from the kidney to the bladder in the bladder. But sometimes the stones get stuck in the ureter or bladder and cause an obstruction painful. Obstruction can lead to infection and a serious kidney damage can result.

Who is a candidate for the Lithotripsy procedure ?

Anyone who has kidney stones that led to obstruction, infection, bleeding or serious need of lithotripsy.

What is the Lithotripsy procedure performed ?

A type of lithotripsy uses a machine called a lithotriptor and the procedure is called lithotripsy immersion bath. This procedure is broken stones in the kidney or upper ureter. It uses shock waves to pulverize kidney stones, breaking into small fragments, which are then easier to move in the urine.

In preparation for the procedure, a person is usually given a mild sedative. Sometimes a general anesthetic is used. The individual is lowered into a large tub of water and submerged to shoulder height. X-ray machines are used to locate the stones so that the body can be positioned properly. Shock waves are then sent through the water and body. The body has the same acoustic properties as water, so it is not harmed by shock waves. But kidney stones are so fragile that they meet shock waves break by another. X-rays are taken throughout the procedure to check the stones.

Usually 200 to 400 are shock waves needed to break down the stone. Sometimes, as many shock waves in 1500 are given during treatment. People must wear a protective helmet during this procedure because the shock waves produce a great noise. It usually takes about an hour and no incision or hospitalization is required.

Rocks which can not be broken by may lithotriptor broken using other procedures. One of these procedures is percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy. In this procedure, a small incision is made in the skin and a scope is adopted by him in the kidney. A small instrument is used to shoot the ultrasonic waves to the stone. The stone fragments are then removed by the same scope.

Endoscopic lithotripsy is another variation of lithotripsy. A small instrument is passed through the bladder and ureter. Attached is a unit using ultrasonic waves to break down the stones.

Electro lithotripsy also call for an instrument that is passed through the bladder. It sends electrical charges to break stones in the urethra, the tube that leads from the bladder outside the body.

What happens after the procedure ?

People will be transferred to a recovery zone after the procedure. They will be encouraged to drink plenty of water to remove the fragments of stone from the urinary tract. They are also encouraged to walk. If an incision was made, the person is observed for bleeding and signs of infection.

What happens later at home ?

Home care depends on the type of lithotripsy. Antibiotics and anti-inflammatory may be used for a few days. People may be asked to strain urine at home so that all stones are found can be sent to the laboratory for examination. Drink plenty of water dilutes the urine, making new stones less likely in the future.

People should look at several symptoms. These include excessive desire to urinate, blood in urine, pain and progressive moves down the coast to the groin, that the stone moves in the urinary tract. The health care provider should be contacted if they or any other unusual symptoms.

What are the risks of complications after surgery ?

Someone who receives anesthesia may have an allergic reaction to anesthesia. Incisions complications can include infection and bleeding. May there be traces of blood in the urine for a few days after lithotripsy. Sometimes the stone does not lithotripsy, and further surgery is necessary. May more stones develop in the future.

What is Kidney Transplant ?

Kidney transplantation involves placing a donor kidney in a healthy person whose kidneys have stopped working. The donor kidney may come from someone who died or from a living donor.

Who is a candidate for the Kidney Transplant procedure ?

Only those who complete and irreversible kidney failure are candidates for this procedure. The most frequent causes of kidney failure are:
# Diabetes
# Glomerulonephritis, which is an inflammation of the cells of kidney filtration
# Polycystic kidney, a condition that causes cysts throughout the kidney
# High blood pressure
# Pyelonephritis, a kidney infection

There are some conditions which totally exclude a transplant. These include:
# The cancer in the last 5 years
# Infections such as tuberculosis or osteomyelitis, an infection of the bone
# Severe heart, lung, liver or problems

Once a person is considered as a transplant candidate, a donor must be found. The situation is better for the donor kidney to come the life of a family member or close friend.

If no living donor can be found, the person may be placed on a national waiting list for a kidney from someone who died. There are currently over 44,000 patients awaiting kidney in the United States. The waiting time can be several years.

What is the Kidney Transplant procedure performed ?

The kidney is removed from the donor in an operating room after the person is put to sleep with anesthesia. If the donor is dead, the kidney is removed along with many other organs are removed for transplant.

The recipient of the kidney transplant is put to sleep with anesthesia. An incision is made in the lower part of the abdomen. The blood vessels in the donor kidney must be connected to the corresponding vessels in the basin of the recipient. The circulation is restored to the donor kidney. The urethra, the tube part of the kidney that carries urine, is connected to the bladder of the recipient. It is usually room for the donor kidney to be implanted without having to remove the patient’s home kidneys. When all the connections were made, the incision is closed.

What happens after the procedure ?

The hospital stay for a donor is about 2 to 3 days. Recovery after surgery is generally uneventful. The person will have a bladder catheter is put in place during surgery. This is usually withdrawn after the first day. The individual is usually in place in and around 24 hours. He or she can resume eating as soon as anesthesia disappear.

The kidney recipients must remain in hospital for 3 to 7 days. A bladder catheter is inserted during surgery. It can usually be removed by the second day after surgery. The recipient can usually resume feeding within 24 hours. He or she should be able to get out of bed and walk as soon as anesthesia disappear.

The recipient of the new body needs to take drugs to suppress the immune system and prevent the body rejecting the new kidney. They are either started immediately before or during the transplant procedure. The patient is monitored closely during the first week or two to determine dosages.

What happens later at home ?

The donor and recipient can expect a recovery.
# Walking, to prevent pulmonary complications and restore strength.
# Heavy lifting and straining should be avoided for 4 to 6 weeks.
# Driving is permitted once the incision is free of pain.
# Sexual activity can be resumed when the person is comfortable.

What are the risks of complications after surgery ?

There are several potential complications:
# Infection, which happens in about 25% of transplant patients.
# Major bleeding, May requiring a blood transfusion.
# Connector blood vessels between the kidney donor and recipient Basin vessels.
# Clot in the artery or vein blood supply to the kidney. If this occurs, the kidney may die.
# Narrowing of the artery in the kidney. This is known as transplant renal artery stenosis. This may limit blood flow to the kidney. It also makes it difficult to keep blood pressure under control. In most cases, reduces the segment can be expanded using a small balloon is inflated which is shrinking.
Leaks connections # ureter to the bladder. This problem is treated by inserting a stent. A stent is a very thin straw-like tube that provides a kind of scaffolding on which tissue can heal.
# Rejection of the kidney. The body of the normal immune response to the new kidney is to reject it. Drugs to suppress the immune system to prevent rejection in most cases.
# Cancer. Between 6% and 8% of transplant patients develop cancer as a complication of drugs that suppress the immune system.

For the most part, kidney transplantation has very good results. Kidney transplant recipients live longer and healthier than what is possible with dialysis treatments. Although there is a greater short-term risk of death associated with the transplant surgery, this risk is outweighed by the long-term effects of continuous dialysis. According to the source and quality of the donor kidney, successful kidney transplant can expect 85% to 95% of the time. A kidney transplant can last an average of 8 to 25 years.

Results of living kidney donors are excellent. The risk of death from kidney donation is less than 4 in 10000. There are almost no long-term risks. Living kidney donors do not need to undergo any medical examination Special to maintain a special diet or take any medication as a result of kidney donation.